2021/99/3-4 (9)
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DOI: 10.5486/PMD.2021.8950
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pp. 413-429
D'Alembert's functional equation on monoids with both an endomorphism and an anti-endomorphism
Abstract:
Let $M$ be a topological monoid, $e$ its neutral element, let $\mathbb{K}$ denote a division ring of characteristic $\neq 2$, and let $\psi:M\rightarrow M$ (resp. $\varphi:M\rightarrow M$) be a continuous anti-endomorphism (resp. endomorphism) of $M$ as a semigroup. We solve the functional equation
$$g(xy)-g(x\psi(y))=cg(x)g(y),\quad x,y\in M,$$
where $g:M\rightarrow\mathbb{K}$ is the unknown function and $c\in\mathbb{K}\backslash\{0\}$. This enables us to find, when $\psi(e)=\varphi(e)=e$, the solutions $g:M\rightarrow\mathbb{C}$ of each of the new functional equations
$$g(\varphi(x)y)\pm g(x\psi(y))=2g(x)g(y),\quad x,y\in M.$$
We also find the continuous, complex valued solutions of a Van Vleck's functional equation with an anti-endomorphism on $M$.
Keywords: functional equation, d'Alembert, Van Vleck, monoid, involution, multiplicative function, anti-homomorphism, irreducible representation
Mathematics Subject Classification: 39B32, 39B52
